In response to the novel coronavirus ("COVID-19") pandemic, the European Union ("EU"), various Member States and the United Kingdom have adopted trade control measures aimed at avoiding shortages and ensuring the availability and quality of certain essential medicines and medical equipment. Specifically, at the EU level, the European Commission adopted a Regulation making the export of certain products subject to an export authorisation. The Member States have implemented this export licensing requirement, as well as the United Kingdom. In addition, a number of Member States have introduced further trade control measures on an individual basis, including export bans, notification requirements for exports, import requirements to ensure product safety and the power to seize goods.