Dominion Virginia Power (Dominion) operates a coalfired power plant in Chesapeake, Virginia. It maintains permits for its operations, including a Virginia solid waste management permit and a Virginia Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (VPDES) permit. The solid waste permit allows Dominion to dispose of its coal ash in an onsite industrial landfill. Because coal ash contains arsenic and other heavy metals, Dominion is required by its solid waste permit to conduct monitoring to determine whether these constituents are impacting groundwater. The VPDES permit allows the company to discharge wastewater from the site into surface water, including the Southern Branch of the Elizabeth River. It does not authorize the discharge of coal ash contaminants.