A Tale of Two Continents - European CMBS v U.S. CMBS & CRE CLOs

Transaction structure

Few securitised loans per CMBS

Typically more granular

More securitised loans per CRE CLO

·       Generally, 1-5 Senior Loans⁴ are securitised in a CMBS.⁵

·       Recent CMBS have securitised a broad range of real estate, e.g., “last mile” logistics, offices, care homes, hotels, light industrial, and retail assets. A significant number of Senior Loans comprise acquisition financing facilities granted to loan sponsor groups.

·       U.S. CMBS securitise any real estate type (e.g., office, retail, hotel, multifamily or industrial properties) in a pooled “conduit” or a single asset/single borrower (“SASB”) securitisation.

·       Approximately 1/4 to 1/3 of the overall market are SASB securitisations.

·       SASB CMBS commonly include “trophy” properties in prime markets with lower LTV and/or higher DSCR. 

·       Typically 20-40 loans or participations are securitised in a CRE CLO.

·       Pool is typically a diversified mix of transitional loans.  Recent CRE CLOs have included loans secured by senior healthcare facilities and mezzanine loans.

·       The majority of CRE CLOs are managed and allow principal proceeds to be reinvested during a reinvestment period.  Many static CRE CLOs allow the issuer to reinvest principal proceeds in future advances made on loans in the original pool.

Notes

Floating rate

Fixed rate or floating rate

Floating rate

·       Typically floating rate.⁶  Interest rate caps tend to be entered into to hedge the interest rate risk on the underlying assets.

·       An event of default under the CMBS Notes will be triggered if there is a failure to pay principal or interest.⁷

·       Structured as pass-through certificates.  Certificates are entitled to principal and interest, to the extent received, in accordance with the priorities of payments waterfalls.  As a result, the certificates may incur shortfalls in principal and interest relative to expected payments and will not be in default as a result.

·       Typically floating rate. Interest rate caps tend to be entered into to hedge the interest rate risk on the underlying assets.

·       An event of default will occur if there is a failure to pay interest on the senior notes (or in some transactions, on any class of notes).

Financial covenants

Increasing flexibility in financial covenant regime

Lack of financial covenants

Cash sweeps

·       A recent U.S. trend that is increasingly reflected in some European transactions is more flexibility in the financial covenant regime, e.g., in some transactions, financial covenants may not apply until there is a permitted change of control. Regardless of financial covenants not applying, cash traps apply upon LTV and debt yield triggers.⁸

·       In general, there are no financial covenants based on LTV or debt yield triggers that would cause an event of default.

·       Debt yield (but not LTV) triggers or DSCR triggers in some Senior Loans cause cash traps.

·       Typically cash sweeps are based on DSCR and/or debt yield triggers.

·       Typically cash sweeps are based on DSCR and/or debt yield triggers.

Permitted change of control

Increasing flexibility in change of control

Weakened change of control provisions

Weakened change of control provisions

·       The permitted change of control definition typically allows a Senior Loan sponsor to change the ownership of the real estate portfolio without mandatory prepayment if there is, e.g., (1) an IPO; or (2) a sale to an entity owning CRE assets with a minimum specified market value, provided that, at the time of the sale: (a) an LTV test is satisfied; and (b) experienced property managers are in place.⁹

·       The eligibility standards for a transferee are increasingly negotiated in recent deals with institutional sponsorship, allowing ownership of the real estate portfolio to be transferred to a less-experienced, deep-pocketed Senior Loan sponsor as long as such sponsor engages a qualified manager to manage the portfolio.

·       The eligibility standards for a transferee are increasingly negotiated in recent deals with institutional sponsorship, allowing ownership of the real estate portfolio to be transferred to a less-experienced, deep-pocketed Senior Loan sponsor as long as such sponsor engages a qualified manager to manage the portfolio.

Valuations

Valuations determine the controlling class

Valuations can be “deemed” under certain circumstances

Valuations can be “deemed” under certain circumstances

·       The aim of obtaining post-closing valuations is to prevent a value-impaired class from exercising disproportionate influence.  The ability to commission valuations becomes acute after a Senior Loan event of default. If a valuation determines that there is a valuation reduction amount to be applied in respect of the Senior Loan, this can affect which class of CMBS Notes is the controlling class.¹⁰¹¹

·       If a valuation has not been obtained within 60-120 days after an event that triggers an appraisal reduction amount calculation, the appraisal reduction amount for a property is deemed to be 25% of the outstanding principal balance of the Senior Loan for the purposes of determining the interest payment amount to be advanced by the servicer (which is the equivalent to the liquidity facility commitment in European CMBS).  When an actual valuation has been produced, the appraisal reduction amount is updated.

·       The valuation assigned to defaulted mortgage assets is generally the lowest of the principal balance minus appraisal reduction amounts, the market value, and the valuation based on a Moody’s recovery rate.

·       The valuation assigned to modified mortgage assets is generally based on appraisals but may be determined in the same manner as defaulted mortgage assets if appraisals are not obtained in a timely manner.

Prepayment fees

Prepayment fees apply during initial period

Fewer requirements to pay prepayment fees

Prepayment fees apply during initial period

·       Prepayment fees tend to apply to voluntary prepayments of the Senior Loan from day 1 although fees may cease to apply a couple of years after the Senior Loan has been entered into. Some recent Senior Loans permit a specified amount of the relevant Senior Loan to be prepaid from day 1 without any prepayment penalty.

·       Prepayment fees do not tend to apply to, e.g., prepayments that are exercising cure rights or prepayments from amounts held in a cash trap account. 

·       In conduit CMBS, it is typical to have a lockout period¹² applicable to the Senior Loans followed by some form of prepayment protection.¹³

·       In SASB CMBS, a specified percentage of the Senior Loan is sometimes permitted to be prepaid without any prepayment penalty during a spread maintenance period or yield maintenance period.  Otherwise, there is typically a lockout period followed by some form of prepayment protection as with conduit CMBS.

·       As a result of the transitional nature of the loans in CRE CLOs, there are generally weaker prepayment protections compared to Senior Loans in CMBS.

Property releases

Prepayment amount may reference various factors

Prepayment protection varies based on product type

Prepayment amount references debt yield and/or DSCR test

·       The regime for property releases varies across transactions. Each property is ascribed an allocated loan amount (“ALA”).  To release the property, typically, an amount incorporating the ALA and a release premium (“RP”) is payable.

·       The structuring of the RP varies from transaction to transaction, e.g., it may reference a pre-determined amount above the ALA (e.g., the RP might be of 10% of the ALA).  Or, the RP may reference other factors such as the lease profile of the property, the actual disposal proceeds received for the property or the then current LTV (e.g., if the LTV is less than a specified threshold, a lower proportion of the ALA is payable but if the LTV exceeds the threshold, then a higher proportion of the ALA is payable).

·       To address “cherry-picking” risk, within the same transaction, a higher ALA or RP may be set for high-performing properties so that a greater proportion of the Senior Loan is repaid, thereby avoiding leaving an overly leveraged portfolio containing a disproportionate number of low-performing properties. The debt yield might also be tested.

·       If the proceeds of the release proceeds are required to be applied on a pro rata (instead of sequential) basis in the priorities of payments waterfall, this may expose the senior CMBS Notes to weaker performing properties.  This may be counteracted through features such as: higher RPs or attributing different pay models to different loans in a multi-loan portfolio (e.g., modified pro rata).

·       A Senior Borrower may obtain a release of a property by paying a portion of the ALA plus any RP, and to address “cherry-picking” risk, provided it satisfies a debt yield, LTV and/or DSCR test.

·       The credit neutral RP is generally 15% of the ALA for a released property, but in recent deals, the RP has been reduced to 10% or 5%, while in certain other deals, the RP increases to 20% or a higher percentage if the amount of prepayments exceeds a threshold amount.  Further, in some recent deals, only the debt yield or DSCR test is required.

·       A borrower may obtain a release of a property by paying a portion of the ALA plus any RP, and to address “cherry-picking” risk, provided it satisfies a debt yield and/or DSCR test.

·       The RP is typically 10% to 20% of the ALA for a released property.

Application of principal and interest

Separation of principal and interest until acceleration

Combined principal and interest waterfall at all times

Separation of principal and interest until acceleration

·       Generally, the Senior Loan does not amortise through its term but there are exceptions, e.g., a degree of amortisation is required in certain transactions after a permitted change of control or in certain transactions, Senior Loans might amortise from day 1 to manage the overall leverage profile of the portfolio.

·       Receipts of principal are typically applied through a combination of pro rata, sequential and modified pay models.¹⁴

·       The typical day 1 position is for principal to be applied pro rata.¹⁵  A trigger event (e.g., a material Senior Loan default) switches payment of principal to a sequential basis.

·       Interest is typically applied sequentially.

·       Principal and interest priorities of payments waterfalls are kept separate until acceleration of the CMBS Notes, at which point all available funds are applied sequentially in a combined priorities of payments waterfall.

·       Principal and interest receipts from the Senior Loan and P&I Advances, net of senior expenses, (collectively referred to as “Available Funds”) are applied sequentially on a monthly basis to pay principal and interest on senior certificates first regardless of whether there is a default under the Senior Loans.

·       In some SASB transactions, a proportion of prepayments (e.g., 20% of the Senior Loan amount) or any monthly principal amortisation payment may be applied to each class on a pro rata basis provided there is no default under the Senior Loan.

·       Generally, the underlying loans do not amortise through their initial terms but may amortise during extensions.

·       Receipts of principal are typically applied through a sequential pay model, although a few recent transactions have allowed a small portion of principal to be distributed pro rata.

·       Interest is typically applied sequentially.

·       Principal and interest priorities of payments waterfalls are kept separate until acceleration of the CRE CLO Notes, at which point all available funds are applied sequentially in a combined priorities of payments waterfall.

·       A minority of CRE CLOs use a combined CMBS priorities of payments waterfall.

Liquidity

Liquidity Facility or RFN Notes

Master servicer

Advancing agent

·       A committed liquidity facility is provided by a rated liquidity facility provider or reserve fund notes (“RFN Notes”) provide liquidity to the transaction.¹⁶  Both funding mechanisms rank at a senior level in the priorities of payments waterfall.

·       Generally, the RFN Notes are redeemed on each payment date by the liquidity reserve excess amount which is released from the liquidity reserve account as the senior CMBS Notes amortise.

·       The master servicer provides liquidity advances in the form of principal and interest advances (“P&I Advances”) on payments due on the Senior Loans.  The master servicer must meet certain ratings thresholds and is typically backstopped by the certificate/bond administrator.

·       P&I Advances are included as part of Available Funds and accrue interest “advance interest” payable at a senior level of the priorities of payments waterfall until the outstanding P&I Advances are reimbursed.

·       There is usually an advancing agent for classes rated as to the timely payment of interest.  If the advancing agent is not rated, it will be backstopped by a rated entity.

·       Interest advances are included in interest proceeds and accrue interest at an “advance rate” payable at a senior level of the priorities of payments waterfall until the interest advances are reimbursed, subject to an overall cap on company administrative expenses.

Reporting

Quarterly

Monthly

Monthly

·       Quarterly.

·       ESMA reporting template for commercial real estate,¹⁷ which is required to be complied with from the date when the ESMA reporting templates apply.¹⁸

·       Monthly.

·       CREFC U.S. 8.0 template.¹⁹

·       A minority of U.S. CMBS have been structured to comply with the EU Securitisation Regulation, which may require reporting in accordance with the  ESMA reporting templates.

·       Monthly reporting using the CREFC U.S. 8.0 template.