On May 8, 2020, Alabama Governor Kay Ivey issued a proclamation that curtails potential liability of businesses and health care providers resulting from COVID-19 transmissions as well as from the impacts of a business’s or health care provider’s response to the COVID-19 public health emergency. The May 8 Proclamation states its purpose is “to preserve the lives and property of the people of this State” by mitigating the economic impacts of the COVID-19 state health emergency and the state’s emergency response that has impacted non-essential businesses. These limitations take the form of certain immunities from liability and caps on damages.
The emergency liability protection clause provides that “[a] business, health care provider, or other covered entity shall not be liable for the death or injury to persons or for damage to property in any way arising from any act or omission related to, or in connection with, COVID-19 transmission or a covered COVID-19 response activity, unless a claimant shows by clear and convincing evidence that the claimant’s alleged death, injury or damage was caused by the business, health care provider, or other covered entity’s wanton, reckless, willful, or intentional misconduct.” The definition of covered entity includes non-profits, universities, institutions of higher learning, and any directors, officers, and employees of covered entities. A COVID-19 transmission includes any “actual, alleged, or feared exposure to or contraction of a COVID-19 infection” while any covered entity is engaged in a business activity.
The Governor’s Proclamation heightens the proof a claimant must present from a “preponderance of the evidence” standard, meaning more likely than not, to a “clear and convincing” standard, which essentially means the clamant must convince the trier of fact that it is highly and substantially probable that the business or health care provider committed or engaged in wanton, reckless or intentional acts that resulted in damages. With regard to the types of damages available if this heightened standard is met, the Proclamation limits recovery to actual economic compensatory damages unless there is a “serious physical injury.” The Proclamation specifically prohibits recovery for non-economic or punitive damages in all instances, except that punitive damages, but only punitive damages, are permitted for wrongful death claims. Under the Alabama Emergency Management Act the Governor has the authority to make such proclamations during a state emergency. The public health emergency is scheduled to be lifted on May 22, 2020, and any causes of action occurring after that date will likely not be subject to the immunities unless the legislature acts to restore them.
The Proclamation anticipates potential challenges to the application of the immunity provisions to claims existing before the Proclamation’s effective date by providing a modified standard for such claims upon a court determination that the above-discussed immunities do not apply. This standard, potentially governing claims between March 13, 2020 (the date the public health emergency was first declared in Alabama), and May 8, 2020, provides that for certain claims a covered entity can be held liable only if the claimant proves that the covered entity did not “reasonably attempt” to comply with the then-applicable public health guidance. The Proclamation applies the heightened clear and convincing evidence standard to claims for negligence, premises liability, or any non-wanton, non-willful, or non-intentional civil causes of action under this standard. Remedies for these claims are limited to economic compensatory damages. Mental anguish, emotional distress, and punitive damages are specifically excluded with the exception of claims for “serious physical injury.” As in the Proclamation’s previous immunity section, only punitive damages are allowed for wrongful death claims.
The limitations on liability and damages do not impact injury claims by employees under the Alabama Workers’ Compensation Act. Thus, if an employee is able establish that he or she has contracted COVID-19 within the scope of employment, Workers’ Compensation benefits are the sole remedy.
Practically, the May 8 Proclamation allows businesses in Alabama to respond to a COVID-19 threat based on the best information available at the time without fear of liability. For example, if a business operation discovers a COVID-19 outbreak in a production facility, it can respond by ceasing production until the threat has been addressed without fear of liability for lost revenue by its retail customers who cannot fill orders.
