The standards for determining when a party waives its right to arbitrate through participation in litigation have never been uniform among the circuits or easily applied. The recent Fifth Circuit opinion in Forby v. One Technologies, L.P. (Case No. 17-10883, decided Nov. 28, 2018) illustrates the difficulty of applying the “prejudice” requirement in a consumer fraud and unjust enrichment class action.
In Forby, the district court found that:
[w]hile . . . Forby has suffered some prejudice . . . she has not suffered prejudice to the extent required by existing precedent . . . . The only prejudice that Forby has adequately demonstrated is delay, and delay alone is insufficient to establish that Forby has been prejudiced by Defendants’ invocation of the judicial process.
See the district court memorandum and order (Case No. 3:16-cv-856-L ordered July 10, 2017). The Fifth Circuit reversed, highlighting some analytical problems that apply equally in the employment law context.
The Background
Forby alleged that One Technologies’ website deceived consumers by causing them to believe they were signing up for a free credit report, when they were actually enrolling in a credit-monitoring service that cost almost $30 a month. The dense procedural background of the case began with an initial filing in Illinois state court in April 2015 and ended with the Texas district court’s decision to grant One Technologies’ motion to compel arbitration in July 2017.
In the interim, the action was removed to the Southern District of Illinois by One Technologies without any reference to arbitration. Then One Technologies filed a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim and alternatively sought a transfer on forum non conveniens grounds because Forby’s claim was arbitrable in Texas and the Illinois district court could not order arbitration outside its own district. On March 25, 2016, the Illinois district court transferred the case to the Northern District of Texas.
Once the case was in Texas, new counsel took over for the company, and the motion practice continued. In May 2016, One Technologies filed a 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss Forby’s claims with prejudice without raising the subject of arbitration – neither did its reply memorandum. On March 31, 2017, the Texas district court denied the motion to dismiss the Illinois Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act claim based on the deceptiveness of the company website but granted the motion as to the unjust enrichment claim.
Thereafter, on April 17, 2017, after attending a Rule 26(f) conference and being served with requests for production, One Technologies filed a motion to compel arbitration. On the same day, One Technologies moved to stay all discovery until the motion to compel was decided.
Finally, on July 7, 2017, the district court issued the order granting One Technologies’ motion to compel arbitration and dismissed the action with prejudice.
The Appellate Analysis
Not unexpectedly, the appellate court found two requirements for waiver in its circuit – first, that a party “substantially invokes the judicial process,” and second, that the party causes “detriment or prejudice” to its opponent. Al Rushaid v. Nat’l Oilwell Varco, Inc., 757 F.3d 416, 421 (5th Cir. 2014).
Like the district court, the Fifth Circuit found One Technologies had substantially invoked the judicial process. It cited detailed evidence in support of its conclusion. The company “was fully aware of its right to compel arbitration when it filed its 12(b)(6) motion . . . .” Indeed, the right to arbitrate was cited as the basis for transferring the case from Illinois to Texas. But once the case was in Texas, One Technologies did not seek to compel arbitration but “pursued and partially obtained a dismissal with prejudice of Forby’s claims.” Slip Op. at 4. So the panel, led by District Judge Alfred H. Bennett, concluded that the company’s “action of moving to dismiss . . . with no mention of compelling arbitration demonstrated a desire to resolve the dispute in litigation rather than arbitration.” Id.
The appellate panel parted company with the district court in its prejudice analysis. One area of disagreement involved the impact of delay in establishing prejudice. While delay in asserting arbitral rights alone may not result in waiver, “delay does bear on the question of prejudice, and may, along with other considerations, require a court to conclude waiver has occurred.” Nicholas v. KBR, Inc., 565 F.3d 904, 910 (5th Cir. 2009). Prejudice can be more easily established, according to the panel, if a party does not seek to arbitrate and “engages in activity inconsistent with the intent to arbitrate.” Citing Republic Ins. Co. v. PAICO Receivables, L.L.C., 383 F.3d 341, 346 (5th Cir. 2004).
The panel found that prejudice exists when a party “will have to re-litigate in the arbitration forum an issue already decided by the district court in its favor . . .” (emphasis added). Slip Op. at 7. Indeed, “[a] party does not get to learn that a district court is not receptive to its arguments and then be allowed ‘a second bite at the apple through arbitration.’” Citing Petroleum Pipe Ams. Corp. v. Jindal Saw, Ltd., 575 F.3d 476, 480 (5th Cir. 2009).
The company’s conduct allowed it “to check the district court’s temperature on the disclosure issue,” and it should not be allowed to move the case to another – perhaps more favorable – forum. Thus, the court found that “Forby’s legal position was damaged by . . . [the] delay in moving to compel arbitration.”
The opinion illustrates that judges can differ in applying the prejudice analysis used by the Fifth Circuit. Not all circuits use the same analysis to determine waiver as that circuit did. And while a showing of prejudice can be a useful benchmark in determining whether waiver has occurred, it does not eliminate all uncertainty.
Bottom Line
The Forby opinion contributes to our understanding of waiver in several respects. First, the passage of time in litigation – or delay in seeking arbitration – can matter, even where prejudice is the standard. Second, raising the right to arbitrate early on can help preserve that right, but a party must then act consistently with it. Third, filing motions that go to the merits of an opponent’s claim rather than a “technical pleading deficiency” can be evidence of prejudice. According to the Fifth Circuit panel, a party should not have to re-litigate before an arbitrator issues already won in court.
