Despite the California Supreme Court's conclusion that gasoline purchasers failed even to imply a price-fixing conspiracy among major oil companies, the Ninth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals has allowed wholesale gasoline purchasers to proceed with similar claims against the same defendants, repackaged under the rule of reason. William O. Gilley Enters., Inc. v. Atlantic Richfield Co., 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 7161 (9th Cir. April 3, 2009).

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