The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) is a section in the US Copyright Act that provides a safe harbor for internet service providers so long as they comply with a notice and takedown system. The way the DMCA works is a company, such as an internet website host, a search engine, or a website operator, registers an agent with the United States Copyright Office. Then, any individual or entity who finds content it owns that is protected by copyright (whether or not registered) on a website hosted by the internet service provider can submit a takedown request to the service provider’s DMCA agent that contains the information required by the statute. The requestor should consider issues like fair use before filing the takedown notice. Assuming the complaint is compliant with the statute and legitimate, the service provider may then remove the content and send a notice to the alleged infringer about the removal to avoid a contributory infringement claim. The alleged infringer is then allowed to submit a counter-notification explaining why the takedown is not justified. The service provider then forwards the counter-notification to the original complaining party, which then has 10-14 days to file a lawsuit over the content. If no lawsuit is filed, the content will be reinstated by the service provider. If a lawsuit is filed, then the content remains disabled until the lawsuit is resolved.

In April of 2023, Nexon Korea Corporation, owner of video game Persona 3 (P3), sued Ironmace Co. Limited, Ju-Hyun Choi, and Terence Seungha Park for copyright infringement and trade secret theft. Choi and Park were former employees of Nexon and founded Ironmace, another Korean corporation, in 2021. Together at Ironmace, Choi and Park created Dark and Darker, which, like P3, is a Dungeons and Dragons inspired role playing fantasy video game. After the game went live, Nexon filed a takedown notice under the DMCA with Valve Corporation, the platform that hosted the game in the United States. Valve removed Dark and Darker from their platform. Ironmace went on to file a counter notice saying its game did not violate any of Nexon’s US copyrights, and then Nexon filed its lawsuit in Washington State, where Valve is based.

According to the DMCA, when Ironmace filed the counter notice, it consented to personal jurisdiction in Washington. However, Ironmace filed a motion to dismiss on the basis of forum non conveniens, arguing that the litigation should occur in South Korea, where both Nexon and Ironmace are based, despite the fact that the lawsuit involves US copyright law and the Dark and Darker was targeted to a US audience. Korea has different pre-trial discovery procedures, which Nexon called “inadequate” in its response. The lower court granted Ironmace’s motion to dismiss.

In July 2024, the Ninth Circuit affirmed the lower court’s decision, stating that the DMCA does not categorically preclude forum non conveniens and that when Ironmace consented to personal jurisdiction, it did not consent to venue, which is a separate issue. The court emphasized that Choi and Park both signed employment agreements electing the Seoul District Court as the venue for any work-related intellectual property disputes.

Notably, this is the first time a court has ruled that a DMCA related claim would be better suited to be litigated outside of the United States. Foreign entities with US copyrights often rely on the DMCA to enforce their rights in the United States and rely on United States law to govern. While courts are known to use the doctrine of forum non conveniens sparingly, they have noted that foreign plaintiffs do receive less deference to their choice of forum than domestic ones (see, e.g., Piper Aircraft, Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235 (1981)).

However, courts in the past have looked at similar issues and decided the other way. For example, in DFSB Kollective Co. v. CJ E&M America, Inc., a California district court ruled the forum should not be changed to Korea when DFSB, a Korean corporation with a license to distribute K-pop music, sued a US entity under the DMCA for distributing the music in the Unites States. The case involved both Korean and US law, witnesses had to appear from Korea, documents and evidence needed to be translated from Korean into English, and a prior settlement agreement from a Korean court was disputed. Nonetheless, the California court rejected the American defendant’s motion to dismiss under forum non conveniens, stating that it is an “exceptional tool.”

It will be interesting to see how the new ruling from the Ninth Circuit affects foreign entities who wish to file DMCA takedown requests to attempt to enforce their rights in the Unites States. Dorsey will continue to monitor the impacts, and we will report on any interesting new developments.