Researchers in Italy recently published a study comparing the effect of two long-chain PFAS (PFOS and PFOA) with two short-chain PFAS (HFBA (aka PFBA) and PFPA) in a variety of examinations including cell viability assays, liver enzymatic functionality assays, and microscopic review of histological and immunohistochemical stains. For all our non-toxicologist readers, the authors’ top-line takeaway is that the short-chain PFAS demonstrated a lower toxicity than the longer-chain family members.