For smaller public companies looking to access the capital markets, the baby shelf requirements contained in Instruction I.B.6 applicable to a Form S-3 registration statement can be a significant limitation. This guide is intended to answer the most common questions issuers ask about the baby shelf requirements.
Which issuers are subject to the “baby shelf” requirements?
Instruction I.B.1 of Form S-3 permits an issuer with $75 million or more in aggregate market value of its voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates, which we refer to in this guide as the issuer’s “public float,” to use a Form S-3 registration statement to conduct a primary offering of securities for cash. This includes using Form S-3 to put up a shelf registration statement so an issuer may issue securities at a later date, which permits an issuer to move quickly to raise capital when desired.
An issuer with less than $75 million in public float may only utilize Form S-3 for a primary offering if the issuer (a) is not a shell company and has not been a shell company for at least the 12 previous calendar months (and if it was a shell company at any time, it must have filed its current Form 10 information at least 12 calendar months previously reflecting it is not a shall company), (b) has at least one class of common equity securities listed on a national securities exchange and (c) must comply with the baby shelf requirements to sell securities using a Form S-3 registration statement.
That definition of public float has a lot to heavy lifting to do in this analysis, so we’ll use the fictional issuer “XYZ Corp.” to illustrate the relevant calculations.
Calculating Public Float
Most issuers are comfortable calculating their market capitalizations, and fortunately, public float is just a variation of this familiar formula. An issuer must start by identifying the total number of shares of “voting and non-voting common equity” outstanding, which generally covers any class of common stock. This outstanding share count may be measured as of any date within the 60 days prior to the applicable measurement date. Please see the “measurement date” section below for additional information about when public float should be measured.
Next, the issuer must identify (and subtract) the number of outstanding shares that are held by “affiliates.” An affiliate is a person or entity “that directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or is controlled by, or is under common control with, the person [or entity] specified.” Evaluating whether or not a person or entity is an affiliate is a facts-and-circumstances determination, but directors and officers are always considered affiliates. Most often, but not always, an entity controlled by an officer or director will also be considered an affiliate. Generally, there is a presumption that a shareholder without any special controlling rights who holds less than 10% of the voting securities of an issuer will be a non-affiliate. For greater than 10% voting shareholders, a facts and circumstances analysis must be utilized, including looking at factors such as (a) can the shareholder appoint a director of the issuer (even if the right is not exercised), (b) has the shareholder filed a Schedule 13D to disclose its ownership in the issuer versus filing a Schedule 13G, (c) are there significant commercial relationships between the issuer and the shareholder and (d) does the shareholder have any protective voting provisions or other control-type rights?
Once shares owned by affiliates are subtracted from the total number of shares outstanding, that share count must be multiplied by the applicable share price to arrive at the public float. This share price must also be as of a date within the 60 days prior to the applicable measurement date, but fortunately, this date doesn’t have to be the same date that was used for the outstanding share count measurement. In other words, the outstanding share count could be measured on the 30th day prior to the applicable measurement date, while the share price could be measured on the 15th day prior to the applicable measurement date. The share price to be utilized is either (i) the closing price or (ii) the average of the bid and ask prices on the applicable date.
Determining Measurement Dates
Complying with the baby shelf requirements involves measuring an issuer’s public float as of a number of different measurement dates. The first relevant measurement date is the date the Form S-3 is filed, and if an issuer’s public float is below $75 million as of that measurement day, the baby shelf requirements apply. Once the Form S-3 has been filed, each subsequent Form 10-K filing date also is a measurement date. In addition, if at any time between these measurement dates an issuer’s public float equals or exceeds $75 million, then the baby shelf requirements no longer apply until the next measurement date. Even just a day of meeting the $75 million threshold is sufficient for this purpose.
For example, let us assume XYZ Corp. filed a Form S-3 registration statement on December 31, 2021. To determine if the baby shelf requirements apply to XYZ Corp., it must calculate its public float using an outstanding share count and a share price from dates no earlier than November 1, 2021. In this case, XYZ Corp. selected December 1, 2021 for determining its outstanding share count, when it had 5,000,000 shares of common stock outstanding, 1,000,000 of which were held by affiliates. As a result, XYZ Corp.’s outstanding non-affiliate share count was 4,000,000. In addition, XYZ Corp. had its highest closing share price of $15.00 on December 15, 2021. By multiplying 4,000,000 by $15.00, XYZ Corp. determined its public float was $60 million, so XYZ Corp. was subject to the baby shelf requirements.
In our example, there is good news for XYZ Corp. On January 5, 2022, its share price closed at $20.00 after disclosure of a significant new customer. On January 15, 2022, XYZ Corp.’s affiliates sold 500,000 shares in the open market to take advantage of the increased stock price, raising XYZ Corp.’s total outstanding non-affiliate share count to 4,500,000. Because those dates are within 60 days of each other, XYZ Corp. used both numbers to calculate a new public float of $90 million — so it was no longer subject to the baby shelf requirements beginning on January 16, 2022.
Unfortunately, after XYZ Corp. filed a Form 8-K on January 20, 2022 disclosing a devastating fire at its only production facility, its closing stock price plummeted to $5.00 per share. When XYZ Corp. filed its Form 10-K on March 31, 2022, its outstanding share count was unchanged and the highest closing share price within the preceding 60 days was only $5.50 on February 5, 2022. As a result, XYZ Corp.’s public float as of the Form 10-K measurement date was just under $24.8 million, resulting in the issuer again being subject to the baby shelf requirements.
How much can an issuer sell under the baby shelf requirements?
If an issuer is subject to the baby shelf requirements, it can only sell one-third of its public float during the 12 calendar months immediately prior to the sale using Form S-3, excluding any sales prior to the issuer becoming subject to the baby shelf requirements.
We’ve already discussed the measurement dates for determining if the baby shelf requirements apply, but an issuer must use a different measurement date to determine how much it can sell in any offering. That measurement date is the date of sale. While the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) hasn’t provided formal guidance on how it defines the date of sale, it has informally suggested the date of sale is the date of filing the preliminary prospectus supplement for an offering. The same measurement rules and 60-day period apply to this measurement date as to the others discussed above.
Let us return to XYZ Corp., which has decided to conduct an offering to help fund the rebuilding of its production facility. XYZ Corp. filed its preliminary prospectus supplement on April 20, 2022. Fortunately, on March 15, 2022, affiliates sold an additional 500,000 shares, increasing XYZ Corp.’s total outstanding non-affiliate share count to 5,000,000. In addition, after XYZ Corp.’s CEO gave an upbeat interview on CNBC, its common stock rallied to close at $6.00 per share on March 1, 2022 before tumbling again the following day. By multiplying 5,000,000 shares by $6.00, XYZ Corp. calculated a public float of $30 million as of its April 20, 2022 measurement date. As a result, it was permitted to sell one-third of this amount, or $10 million. Please keep in mind that this is the total value of securities XYZ Corp. call sell during the 12 months preceding the measurement date, so if XYZ Corp. had completed a $4 million offering in March 2022, it would only have been able to sell an additional $6 million of securities in April 2022.
What about derivative securities?
An unfortunate reality is that many public companies with lower market capitalizations may need to issue derivative securities — such as convertible preferred stock, convertible notes or warrants — to close a necessary financing. Calculating the amount of common stock XYZ Corp. can sell is simple, as one just divides the total dollar value of securities it can sell under the baby shelf requirements by the proposed per share sale price in the offering to determine the number of shares it can sell. However, the issuance of derivative securities makes this math significantly more complex.
To value derivative securities, the issuer must first determine the maximum number of shares of common equity issuable pursuant to the derivative securities, then multiply that number by the share price used to calculate the value of securities the issuer could sell as of the applicable measurement date.
We can apply this idea to our example. Let us assume XYZ Corp. was unable to close a common stock offering in April and needed to add warrants to sweeten the deal. As discussed above, XYZ Corp. determined it could sell $10 million of securities, and it used $6.00 per share to measure its public float as of April 20, 2022. The underwriters in the transaction determined that they could sell one share of XYZ Corp. common stock plus one warrant to purchase a share of XYZ Corp. common stock for a total price of $4.00. At that price, XYZ Corp. could sell up to 1,000,000 shares and the same number of warrants:
($4.00 per share x 1,000,000 shares) + ($6.00 per share x 1,000,000 shares underlying warrants) = $10,000,000 of securities
After this offering, XYZ Corp. decided to do a second offering and filed its preliminary prospectus supplement on July 20, 2022. Using that measurement date, XYZ Corp. determined its public float had increased to $60 million because its stock price closed at $12.00 per share on June 30, 2022. Therefore, XYZ Corp. could sell up to $20 million of securities in the preceding 12 months. Unfortunately for XYZ Corp., the outstanding warrants now must be revalued using the price of $12.00 per share, so for purposes of the July offering, XYZ Corp. has already issued $16 million of securities using Form S-3:
($4.00 per share x 1,000,000 shares) + ($12.00 per share x 1,000,000 shares underlying warrants) = $16,000,000 of securities
That leaves $4 million of remaining availability. This time around, the underwriters are proposing to sell common stock at $10.00 per share with no warrants. However, because XYZ Corp. can only sell an additional $4 million of securities, it is limited to an offering of 400,000 shares of common stock.
As you can see, derivative securities can significantly limit an issuer’s ability to do multiple offerings in a 12-month period using Form S-3, as the derivative securities will be valued higher when the price of the issuer’s common stock rises. The only exception is if the derivative securities have been exercised or converted, in which case the actual number of shares issued and the actual market price of the shares on the date of conversion or exercise will be used.
What if an issuer needs to raise more capital than permitted by the baby shelf requirements?
Many issuers — especially pre-revenue companies — may need to access the capital markets on a regular basis in order to continue their operations. The good news is that Form S-3 is not the exclusive way for issuers to raise capital in the public markets. An issuer can always file a Form S-1 and raise capital without being restricted by the baby shelf requirements, but a Form S-1 registration statement is usually specific to a single offering and must be filed publicly and declared effective by the SEC prior to any sales. This makes it significantly less beneficial to companies looking to take advantage of short trading windows and may trigger sales by existing investors (and a stock price slump) by alerting existing investors wary of possible dilution of future potential securities sales.
